Best Of / Exchanges
Best Cryptocurrency Exchanges
The best cryptocurrency exchanges by the Cult of Money Exchange Score are Kraken (4.0 out of 5), which also leads the exchanges open to new US accounts, followed by Bitget and Bybit (3.9 each) and Crypto.com (3.8). What you pay matters as much as where you live: our collector measured the cost of buying $1,000 of bitcoin at between $0.68 and $11.95 on the same evening, depending on the exchange.
Quick Take
- On a $1,000 bitcoin purchase, Binance.US and global OKX cost about $1 or less, OKX US about $4, Crypto.com about $5, Kraken and Coinbase about $8 to $9, and Gemini about $12, using each exchange's advanced trading platform. Uphold's published spread puts the same purchase at about $20 to $22. App "Buy" buttons cost more.
- Binance ranks No. 11 (2.6) with a caution flag. After the Oct. 29, 2026 hack, in which thieves took about $6.3 billion, it reopened most withdrawals, but four smaller coins were still paused as of Nov. 8. Its safety subscore sits at the 0.5 floor.
- No exchange balance is covered by FDIC insurance. Every exchange in this table has either a penalty, a hack or a withdrawal limit in its record, and the safety column shows how much each one cost the score.
Best Crypto Exchanges Compared
Scores are out of 5 and use the Cult of Money Exchange Score. Cost to buy is our own measurement: the best asking price plus the exchange's lowest-tier advanced taker fee, compared with the Cult of Money Price. Cult of Money data as of Nov 1, 2026, 7:57 p.m. ET. Uphold's cost is estimated from its published spreads.
| Rank | Exchange | Score | Best For | Cost To Buy $1,000 Of BTC | Lowest Taker Fee | Available In | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Kraken |
4.0 | Coin selection in the US | 0.801% ($8.01) | 0.80% | US (not New York or Maine), UK, EU, Canada, Australia | Visit Site |
| 2 |  Bitget |
3.9 | Coin selection outside the US | Not measured | 0.10% | Global. Not available in the US | Visit Site |
| 3 |  Bybit |
3.9 | Active traders outside the US | Not measured | 0.10% | Global. Not available in the US | |
| 4 |  Crypto.com |
3.8 | One account almost anywhere | 0.522% ($5.22) | 0.50% | US (not New York), UK, EU, Canada, Australia | Visit Site |
| 5 |  Binance.US |
3.6 | Lowest measured US cost | 0.068% ($0.68) | 0.02% | US only, not every state | Visit Site |
| 6 |  OKX |
3.6 | Low cost with a wide coin list | 0.108% ($1.08) on global OKX, about 0.358% ($3.58) on OKX US | 0.10% | UK, EU, Australia. US as OKX US (3.4) | Visit Site |
| 7 |  Coinbase |
3.5 | First-time buyers | 0.883% ($8.83) | 0.90% | US, UK, EU, Canada, Australia | Visit Site |
| 8 |  Uphold |
3.3 | Multi-asset accounts | About 2.1% on BTC, 2.45% to 3.8% on other coins (published spread) | Spread only | US (not New York), UK. EU limited, not Canada | Visit Site |
| 9 |  KuCoin |
3.3 | Small altcoins outside the US | Not measured | 0.10% | Global. Not available in the US | Visit Site |
| 10 |  Gemini |
2.9 | Buyers who want a New York trust company | 1.195% ($11.95) | 1.20% | US, Singapore | Visit Site |
| 11 |  Binance Some withdrawals pausedWithdrawals paused for some coins (INJ, XPL, NEAR, LTC) after the Oct 29, 2026 hack Checked Nov 8, 2026. |
2.6 | Low fees and deep markets outside the US | Not measured | 0.10% | Global. Not available in the US, Canada or the Netherlands | Visit Site |
| Not scored |  Robinhood Crypto |
n/a | Investors who already use Robinhood | Not measured | Spread only | US, EU | Visit Site |
Exchanges with the same score are listed in order of their safety subscore. "Not measured" means our collector doesn't yet read that exchange's prices from the US, so its cost subscore is estimated from the exchange's published lowest-tier spot fee instead. Uphold blocks our collector, so its cost is estimated from the spreads on its published fee schedule. Uphold and KuCoin both score 3.3, and Uphold is listed first because its safety subscore is higher. Robinhood Crypto builds its cost into a spread that we haven't measured, so it gets no score until we do. Availability changes often, so check the exchange's own site for your country or state before you sign up.
Best Exchanges If You Live In The US
US residents can't open accounts at Bitget, Bybit, KuCoin, Binance.com or OKX's global platform. Among exchanges that serve the US, the ranked order is Kraken (4.0), Crypto.com (3.8), Binance.US (3.6), Coinbase (3.5), OKX US (3.4), Uphold (3.3, not in New York) and Gemini (2.9).
Best Exchanges If You Live In The UK Or EU
In the UK, Crypto.com is on the Financial Conduct Authority's register of crypto firms, and Uphold's UK company is registered with the FCA for anti-money laundering purposes. Uphold's EU service is limited while its MiCA application is reviewed. OKX, Bitget and Bybit serve UK customers through marketing approved by an FCA-authorized firm, but none is registered with the FCA itself, and OKX says its UK customers deal with a company registered in the Seychelles. In the EU, fees can differ from the global rates in our table: OKX charges EEA customers a 0.20% taker fee at its regular tier since Sept. 25, 2026, twice its global rate.
What It Costs To Buy $1,000 Of Bitcoin
The cost of buying the same $1,000 of bitcoin ran from 0.068% on Binance.US to 1.195% on Gemini on Nov 1, 2026. In dollars, that's the difference between paying 68 cents and paying $11.95, measured at the same minute on each exchange's advanced platform.
| Exchange | Best Ask | Taker Fee | Total Cost On $1,000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Binance.US |
$78,055.91 | 0.02% | $0.68 |
| OKX (global) | $78,025.03 | 0.10% | $1.08 |
| OKX US |
$78,025.03 | 0.35% | $3.58 |
| Crypto.com |
$78,035.67 | 0.50% | $5.22 |
| Kraken |
$78,019.60 | 0.80% | $8.01 |
| Coinbase |
$78,005.06 | 0.90% | $8.83 |
| Gemini |
$78,014.50 | 1.20% | $11.95 |
Cult of Money Price for bitcoin at the time: $78,018.48. Cult of Money data as of Nov 1, 2026, 7:57 p.m. ET.
The fee does most of the work. Bitcoin's spread was close to zero on every exchange, so the taker fee decided the order. The pattern held for Ethereum, Solana and XRP, where Binance.US and global OKX again cost about 0.06% to 0.13%, Crypto.com about 0.52% to 0.55%, Kraken and Coinbase about 0.8% to 0.9%, and Gemini about 1.2%.
Two limits apply. These numbers use the advanced trading screen, and the simple "Buy" button in most exchange apps adds a larger markup that public price feeds don't show. Fees also fall as your monthly trading volume rises, so a high-volume trader pays less than the lowest-tier rates shown here.
Uphold isn't in this table because our collector can't read its prices. By its own fee schedule, its spread on a $1,000 bitcoin purchase is 2.00% to 2.20%, or about $20 to $22, more than any exchange above.
What Happened In The Binance Hack
Hackers took about $6.3 billion in crypto from Binance on Oct. 29, 2026, the largest theft from a crypto exchange on our crypto hacks tracker. Binance pledged to cover all losses from its SAFU emergency fund and company money and said user balances were safe. It paused withdrawals, then began a phased restart on Nov. 1 and had reopened most assets by Nov. 8.
What's known so far:
- Size: about $6.3 billion by Binance's estimate. DefiLlama lists $6.36 billion, and one early estimate put it at $5.6 billion.
- Assets: BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP, stablecoins and other tokens on about 10 blockchains.
- Attacker: the FBI attributes the theft to North Korea, as does blockchain analytics firm TRM Labs. Binance hasn't named an attacker.
- Cause: Binance's preliminary account points to a possibly compromised DevOps engineer's laptop that gave access to a service container, with no evidence that private keys leaked.
- Recovery: about $3 billion was reported frozen on-chain with partners as of Oct. 30. Frozen funds aren't the same as returned funds.
- Coverage: Binance said it had replaced about 95% of the affected assets as of Nov. 1.
- Withdrawals: Binance reopened bitcoin and other assets on 15 networks on Nov. 1, then 51 Ethereum and Solana tokens on Nov. 3 and Hyperliquid and Aptos on Nov. 8. As of Nov. 8, Injective, Plasma, NEAR and Litecoin were still waiting on security checks, and Binance aimed to reopen them by mid-November.
Binance.com doesn't serve US residents. Binance.US is a separate company with its own platform, and we found no report that Binance.US accounts were affected. We don't remove an exchange from the ranking when withdrawals are limited. Its track record counts in the score, and we add a caution flag until withdrawals are back to normal. Binance's flag stays until Injective, Plasma, NEAR and Litecoin reopen, and the hack counts as unresolved in its safety subscore until Binance confirms customers are whole.
The SAFU fund was reported at roughly $1 billion to $1.27 billion, well below the loss, so most of the repayment has to come from Binance's own funds. If you hold coins on Binance, the safest step once withdrawals work for your coins is to move what you don't need for trading to a wallet you control.
Our Picks
Kraken
Coin Selection In The US
Kraken scores 4.0, the highest of the ranked exchanges, and lists 68 of the 77 largest non-stablecoin coins in our data, more than any other exchange that serves the US. Buying $1,000 of bitcoin on Kraken Pro cost 0.801% ($8.01) on Nov 1, less than Coinbase ($8.83) and Gemini ($11.95).
Kraken's reserves subscore (3.0) is the best among US exchanges because it publishes a proof of reserves that matches customer balances. Its safety subscore is 4.3: Australia's Federal Court penalized Kraken's Australian operator in December 2024 over a margin product, and Kraken paid $30 million to the SEC in 2023 to settle claims over its US staking program. The SEC's separate 2023 lawsuit was dismissed in 2025 and carries no deduction.
Kraken's status page showed "Partially Degraded Service" when we checked on Nov 1. Kraken doesn't serve residents of New York or Maine.
Bitget
Coin Selection Outside The US
Bitget scores 3.9 and isn't available to US residents. Australia's securities regulator says Bitget is registered with AUSTRAC but states its services aren't intended for people living in Australia. It lists 61 of the 77 largest non-stablecoin coins in our data, and its published 0.10% spot taker fee would put it in our lowest cost band, though we haven't measured it yet.
Bitget lost about $387 million from its hot wallets on Sept. 24, 2026. Bitget said account balances were accurate, the loss fell within its User Protection Fund and cold wallets were untouched, and it resumed withdrawals in phases from Sept. 28. In April 2025 it rolled back trades and compensated users after abnormal VOXEL trading. Each event cost 0.25 points, for a safety subscore of 4.5.
Bybit
Active Traders Outside The US
Bybit scores 3.9 and doesn't serve the US. Hackers took about $1.5 billion in ETH from Bybit on Feb. 21, 2025, and the FBI attributed the theft to North Korea. Bybit kept withdrawals open and replaced the stolen ETH within about 72 hours, so customers were made whole.
Bybit's safety subscore of 4.4 also reflects a Dutch central bank fine in October 2024 for operating in the Netherlands without registration and a 2022 settlement with the Ontario Securities Commission. Bybit refuses connections from the US, so our collector can't measure its cost from here. There's no Bybit partner link on this page.
Crypto.com
One Account Almost Anywhere
Crypto.com scores 3.8, and its 4.9 safety subscore is the best among exchanges open to new US accounts. Cost holds it back: Crypto.com's fee page lists a 0.50% taker fee at its entry level, so buying $1,000 of bitcoin on the Crypto.com Exchange cost about 0.522% ($5.22) at Nov. 1 prices, and its average across BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP was about 0.532%. Keeping at least 50,000 CRO on the exchange cuts that fee by 12%, and it falls to 0.40% after $10,000 of trading in 30 days.
The safety subscore is 4.9. Crypto.com's one deduction is a January 2022 incident in which attackers got past two-factor authentication on 483 accounts, and Crypto.com said it repaid every affected user. Its weak spot is reserves (1.5), because it doesn't publish audited financial statements, and the only proof-of-reserves report on its reserves page is dated Dec. 7, 2022.
Crypto.com lists 49 of the 77 largest non-stablecoin cryptocurrencies on our price pages, and it operates in the US, UK, EU, Canada and Australia.
Binance.US
Lowest Measured US Cost
Binance.US scores 3.6 and had the lowest cost we measured: 0.068% ($0.68) on $1,000 of bitcoin, at a 0.02% taker fee. Its average across BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP was 0.069%.
Binance.US is a US company, separate from Binance.com, though both were founded by Changpeng Zhao. Its safety subscore of 4.4 reflects the June 2023 halt of US dollar deposits and withdrawals after its banking partners left, which we count as a withdrawal freeze. The SEC's 2023 lawsuit against Binance and Binance.US was dismissed in May 2025. Binance.US scores lowest on reserves (0.5) because it publishes neither audited financials nor a regular proof of reserves.
Binance.US doesn't accept sign-ups from about a dozen states, including New York and Texas, according to its unsupported states list.
OKX
Low Cost With A Wide Coin List
OKX scores 3.6. Global OKX cost 0.108% ($1.08) on our $1,000 bitcoin test at its 0.10% lowest-tier spot taker fee and lists 58 of the 77 largest non-stablecoin coins in our data.
The safety subscore is 3.0. OKX pleaded guilty in February 2025 to operating an unlicensed money transmitting business that served US customers and agreed to pay more than $504 million. The Dutch central bank fined OKX's operator in May 2025, and Malta's financial intelligence unit penalized its Maltese entity in April 2025. OKX publishes a monthly proof of reserves.
Coinbase
First-Time Buyers
Coinbase scores 3.5. It's the simplest place on this list to make a first purchase and earns a 5.0 for ease of use, but it was also one of the two most expensive: $1,000 of bitcoin cost 0.883% ($8.83) on Coinbase Advanced, where the lowest-tier taker fee is 0.90%.
Coinbase's safety subscore is 3.1. Its deductions include a $100 million NYDFS settlement in 2023 over compliance failures, a Central Bank of Ireland fine of about $24.8 million in November 2025, a UK FCA fine in 2024, a Dutch central bank fine in 2023 and a new Central Bank of Ireland action in October 2026 that's still pending. The SEC dropped its lawsuit against Coinbase in February 2025, which carries no deduction.
Coinbase is a public company that files audited financial statements with the SEC. It serves all 50 US states plus the UK, the EU, Canada, Australia and dozens of other countries.
Uphold
Multi-Asset Accounts
Uphold scores 3.3, held down by cost. It doesn't charge a separate trading fee. Its cost is the spread built into the price, and our collector can't read Uphold's prices, so we estimate that cost from Uphold's own service fee schedule, updated Oct. 27, 2026. For US trades up to $5,000, it lists spreads of 2.00% to 2.20% on bitcoin and Ethereum and 2.45% to 3.8% on other coins, including Solana and XRP. Taking the middle of each range, the average across BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP is about 2.6%, the highest cost of any exchange we rank and more than twice what Coinbase charges. That earns a cost subscore of 2.0.
Uphold ties KuCoin at 3.3 and ranks ahead on safety. Its safety subscore is 4.8: it has no hack on our tracker, and its one deduction is the settlement of more than $5 million with the New York Attorney General in April 2026 over how it promoted Cred's CredEarn product before Cred collapsed. Its reserves subscore is 2.5, because its transparency page doesn't cite an independent reserve attestation.
Uphold serves the US (not New York) and the UK, and it lets you swap directly between crypto, dollars and precious metals in one account. Its EU service is limited while its MiCA application is reviewed, and it no longer serves Canada.
KuCoin
Small Altcoins Outside The US
KuCoin scores 3.3 and isn't available to US residents. KuCoin pleaded guilty in January 2025 to operating an unlicensed money transmitting business, paid about $297 million and agreed to leave the US market.
That plea, a 2026 CFTC injunction, a Canadian FINTRAC penalty under appeal and earlier settlements in New York and Ontario bring KuCoin's safety subscore down to 2.2. KuCoin's draw is coin selection and a 0.10% spot taker fee. If you're in the US, Kraken or OKX US cover most of the same large coins.
Gemini
A New York Trust Company
Gemini scores 2.9. It's a New York-chartered trust company, and it was the most expensive exchange we measured: $1,000 of bitcoin cost 1.195% ($11.95) at the 1.20% taker fee in its Sept. 1, 2026 fee schedule. Gemini is leaving the UK, EU and Australia to focus on the US and Singapore.
Gemini's safety subscore is 1.7. The New York Attorney General recovered $50 million from Gemini in 2024 over its Earn program with Genesis, NYDFS fined Gemini $37 million the same year, and Earn customers couldn't withdraw from November 2022 until they were repaid. Gemini lists 34 of the 77 largest non-stablecoin coins in our data, the fewest of the exchanges we measured.
Binance Some withdrawals pausedWithdrawals paused for some coins (INJ, XPL, NEAR, LTC) after the Oct 29, 2026 hack Checked Nov 8, 2026.
Low Fees Outside The US
Caution: Binance withdrawals for Injective (INJ), Plasma (XPL), NEAR and Litecoin (LTC) were still paused as of Nov. 8, 2026, after its Oct. 29 hack. Check that your coin can be withdrawn before you deposit it.
Binance scores 2.6, the lowest of the ranked exchanges, and doesn't serve the US, Canada or the Netherlands. Its 0.10% base spot fee, 25% lower when paid in BNB, earns a 5.0 cost subscore, though we estimate it from the fee schedule because Binance blocks our collector. Coin selection is wide.
Safety is the problem. The subscore sits at the 0.5 floor: Binance pleaded guilty in November 2023 to US anti-money laundering, unlicensed money transmission and sanctions violations in a $4.3 billion resolution, and on Oct. 29, 2026, it lost about $6.3 billion in the hack described above. Binance said it had replaced about 95% of the affected assets by Nov. 1 and reopened most withdrawals by Nov. 8, but Injective, Plasma, NEAR and Litecoin were still waiting on security checks that day. Check that your coin can be withdrawn before you deposit it. US readers can use Binance.US, a separate company.
Not Scored
Robinhood Crypto
Robinhood Crypto doesn't charge a separate trading fee. It builds its cost into the price you see and doesn't publish the size of that spread, and it wasn't in our Nov 1 measurement, so it doesn't get an Exchange Score yet.
Robinhood Crypto paid a $30 million NYDFS penalty in 2022, and California's Attorney General found it didn't let customers withdraw crypto from 2018 to 2022. See our best crypto apps for more on Robinhood.
No Longer Ranked
Bitstamp
We took Bitstamp out of the ranking on Nov. 10, 2026. Robinhood owns it, and Robinhood says US customers of Bitstamp by Robinhood can't deposit, buy or open new positions starting Feb. 1, 2027, though they can still sell and withdraw. In Europe, Bitstamp says retail customers now reach their accounts through the Robinhood app. If you have a Bitstamp account, read our Bitstamp review for what to do next.
How We Picked
Every exchange on this page is scored with the Cult of Money Exchange Score, the same formula we use across the site. Each of seven parts gets a subscore from 0 to 5, and the weighted total is the score:
- Measured cost to buy (25%): our collector's reading of the best ask plus the lowest-tier taker fee for BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP. An average of 0.25% or less scores 5.0, Kraken's and Coinbase's 0.8% to 0.9% scores 4.0, and Gemini's 1.2% scores 3.0. We changed these bands on Nov. 10, 2026: the lowest-tier advanced fee at the big US exchanges sits between 0.5% and 1%, and the old bands graded that normal US price as mediocre. Uphold blocks our collector, so its cost is estimated from its published spreads, which average about 2.6% and score 2.0, until the collector can read it.
- Safety and legal record (25%): starts at 5.0 and loses points for hacks, withdrawal freezes and penalties in our crypto fines and penalties tracker, weighted by how serious and how recent each one is. A guilty plea costs more than a dismissed case, which costs nothing.
- Reserves and transparency (15%): audited financials, proof of reserves that includes customer liabilities, independent checks and published wallet addresses.
- Reliability (10%): uptime from public status pages.
- Withdrawals (10%): the cost and speed of getting cash and coins out.
- Coin selection and availability (10%): how many of the 77 largest non-stablecoin coins an exchange lists, plus where it's licensed to serve you.
- Ease of use (5%): a five-point checklist covering approval time, cost shown before you confirm, recurring buys, live help and tax exports.
This month's scores are provisional. They use one evening's cost reading instead of a monthly median, and some subscores are editor estimates until our monthly fee, reserve and uptime checks finish. Partners can't pay for a higher score, and a partner's "Visit Site" link never moves its row.
What To Watch Out For
- Exchange balances aren't insured. The FDIC says its insurance doesn't cover crypto. If an exchange fails or freezes withdrawals, you wait with everyone else, as Binance customers did after its October 2026 hack.
- Withdrawals can stop without warning. Binance, Bitget and Bybit all faced hacks in the past two years, and Binance.US froze US dollar withdrawals in 2023. Keep only what you trade on an exchange and read why you can't fully trust centralized exchanges.
- The app button costs more than the trading screen. Our numbers come from advanced platforms. A one-tap purchase in the same company's app adds a spread or a flat fee on top.
- Availability changes. KuCoin left the US in 2025, and Bitstamp's US business closes to new purchases in February 2027. Check that an exchange is licensed where you live before you deposit.
- Taxes still apply. Selling, swapping or spending crypto is a taxable event in the US, and US exchanges now report sales on Form 1099-DA.
If an exchange won't release your money, our page on how to file a complaint against a crypto exchange lists the regulators to contact.
FAQ
What Is The Cheapest Crypto Exchange?
Binance.US had the lowest cost we measured on Nov 1, 2026: buying $1,000 of bitcoin cost 0.068%, or 68 cents. Global OKX (0.108%) was close behind. OKX US cost about 0.358% and Crypto.com about 0.522% at their higher fees, while Kraken and Coinbase cost about 0.8% to 0.9% and Gemini about 1.2%. Uphold costs the most of the exchanges we rank: its published spread is 2.00% to 2.20% on bitcoin and up to 3.8% on other coins.
Which Crypto Exchange Is Safest?
Crypto.com has the best safety subscore among the ranked exchanges (4.9 out of 5). Its one deduction is a January 2022 incident in which attackers got into 483 accounts, and Crypto.com said it repaid every affected user. No exchange is risk-free, and none of them carry FDIC insurance.
Is Binance Safe After Its Hack?
Binance lost about $6.3 billion on Oct. 29, 2026, pledged to cover the losses from its emergency fund and company money, and paused withdrawals. On Nov. 1 it said about 95% of the affected assets had been replaced and began reopening withdrawals in phases. Most assets were back by Nov. 8, with Injective, Plasma, NEAR and Litecoin still waiting on security checks. Binance ranks No. 11 with a 2.6 score and a caution flag for the coins still paused, and its safety subscore stays at the 0.5 floor because of the hack and its 2023 guilty plea.
Can US Residents Use Binance, Bybit Or KuCoin?
No. Binance.com, Bybit, Bitget, KuCoin and OKX's global platform don't accept US residents. US alternatives include Kraken, Crypto.com, Binance.US, OKX US, Coinbase and Uphold (not New York).
Why Doesn't Coinbase Rank Higher?
Coinbase scores 3.5, seventh of the 11 ranked exchanges, mostly because of its safety record. Regulatory penalties in the US, Ireland, the UK and the Netherlands cut its safety subscore to 3.1. Cost matters less than it looks: Coinbase's 0.9% fee on a $1,000 bitcoin purchase earns a 4.0 cost subscore, the same as Kraken, though it's still more than 12 times what Binance.US charged. Kraken ranks first with the same cost subscore because its safety subscore is 4.3. Coinbase still earns top marks for ease of use, and it files audited financial statements as a public company.
How Often Do These Scores Change?
Scores update monthly from a full month of cost and uptime data. A new hack, penalty or withdrawal freeze triggers a safety rescore right away.
About the author
Tom Blake, Editor
Tom Blake is a personal finance writer and the managing editor of Cult of Money. He covers cryptocurrency and NFTs, investing, making money online and the gig economy.
Sources (36)
- Cult of Money market snapshot, Nov 1, 2026 (cost to buy, taker fees and exchange status)
- Cult of Money crypto hacks tracker and crypto fines and penalties tracker
- Insurance Journal: Binance pledges to cover hack losses
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- FBI IC3 statement on the Bybit hack
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- DOJ: KuCoin guilty plea
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- Central Bank of Ireland: Coinbase Europe enforcement action
- NY Attorney General: Gemini settlement
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- Kraken: quick start for US clients
- Crypto.com: proof of reserves
- Crypto.com: US states where the app is available
- Binance.US: unsupported states
- Gemini: user agreement (state coverage)
- ESMA: MiCA register of crypto-asset service providers
- NYDFS: Gemini consent order
- SEC: Kraken staking settlement
- ASIC: Kraken Australian operator penalty
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- NY Attorney General: Uphold settlement
- Uphold: service fees (updated Oct 27, 2026)
- California Attorney General: Robinhood Crypto settlement
- FDIC crypto fact sheet